Landscape Message - Landscape Nursey and Urban Forestry

The following growing-degree-day (GDD) and precipitation data was collected for a one-week period, April 27, 2006 through May 3, 2006. Soil temperature and phenological indicators were observed on May 3, 2006. Accumulated GDDs represent the heating units above a 50° F baseline temperature collected via our instruments since the beginning of the current growing season. This information is intended for use as a guide for monitoring the developmental stages of pests in your location and planning management strategies accordingly.

REGIONAL NOTES

Cape Cod Region (Barnstable) - General Conditions: Sunny, cool and windy conditions turned into chilly, wet weather. The rainfall was greatly needed, but the cool temperatures have slowed down plant development a bit. Early perennials, including Primula and Pulmonaria, are showy in the garden while dandelions continue to brighten up lawns. Pests/Problems: Winter moth caterpillars are in the second instar, tent caterpillar webs are still quite small, and lily leaf beetle adults are active. Ants are active in thin lawns. Adult deer ticks continue to be active. Galls of cedar-apple rust are beginning to swell on eastern red cedar.

Southeast Region (Hanson) - General Conditions: The cooler weather this past week has kept the plant material looking terrific and extended the bloom time. Truly a spring season. Many plants are still in full bloom and are slowly "ending" bloom. Hanson received approximately 1.35 inches of much needed rain this past week. Magnolia 'Elizabeth', Norway maple, sugar maple, Pieris floribunda (mountain pieris), Pieris 'Brouwer's Beauty, Mayflower viburnum, Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ (Bradford pear), Lindera benzoin, Chaenomeles speciosa (common flowering quince), Pieris floribunda (mountain pieris), Forsythia x intermedia (border forsythia), Helleborus orientalis, Helleborus foetidus, Omphalodes, Dutchman's breeches, Vinca, daffodils, Pulmonaria, Epimedium, Pachysandra procumbans, tulips, Trillium, anemones, Phlox subulata, and violets are in full bloom. Royal azalea, bleeding heart, and Phlox divaricata are beginning bloom. The bracts on flowering dogwood are expanding and starting to show color. Pieris japonica, Cherry 'Holly Jolivette', Corydalis solida, and bloodroot are ending bloom. Pests/Problems. Gypsy moth, eastern tent caterpillar, forest tent caterpillar, winter moth caterpillar, hemlock woolly adelgid, larch casebearer, lily leaf beetles, carpenter bees, mosquitoes, mayflies, and ticks are all active. Chickweed, violets, and dandelions are in full bloom. Skunks are digging up lawns. The orange, jelly-like galls of cedar-apple rust are present on eastern cedar.

Central Region (Boylston) - General Conditions: Cool wet weather has moved in providing some much needed moisture. Among the many plants in full bloom at this time are Kerria japonica, Vaccinium corymbosum, and Fothergilla gardenii.

Pioneer Valley Region (Amherst) - General Conditions: In addition to flowering, leaves have really begun to develop on most deciduous trees and shrubs adding their color and texture to the landscape. Weather conditions were cool, and the last several days a steady rainfall of about one inch fell. Pests/Problems: A few plant-feeding insects are active and, with the wet weather, fungal and bacterial leaf spot and blight diseases may establish themselves in the tender flowers and foliage of susceptible plants.

Berkshire Region (Great Barrington) - General Conditions: Cool weather of the past week has slowed plant and insect development. Flowering plants have retained their blossoms longer than usual in response to temperatures. However, frequent morning frosts have blemished the blooms of magnolias. Soil moisture is low to good as a result of recent rain, but more moisture is needed. Pests/Problems: Deer, rabbits, and voles pose a problem for woody and herbaceous plants in gardens and landscapes. With the slow development of plants in natural landscapes, these animals have found more succulent food sources in gardens. Ticks, carpenter bees, and tent caterpillars are the prominent insect problems at this time.

The phenological indicators are a visual tool for correlating plant development with pest development. The following are the indicator plants and the stages of bloom observed for this period:

CAPE COD REGION - Roberta Clark, Horticulturist for Barnstable County, Barnstable.

SOUTHEAST REGION - Deborah Swanson, Horticulturist for UMass Extension in Plymouth County, Hanson.

EAST REGION - James R. Allen, Horticulturist and Greenhouse Manager for UMass Biology Department, Boston.

CENTRAL REGION - Joann Vieira, Superintendent of Horticulture, Tower Hill Botanic Garden, Boylston.

PIONEER VALLEY - Dan Gillman, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, UMass, Amherst.

BERKSHIRES - Ron Kujawski, Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery & Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

Hymenopteran Caterpillars (Sawflies):

European pine sawfly has become active. Eggs, in the form of blocky yellow patches, started to appear within the last two weeks, and caterpillars began to hatch in the warmer regions more than a week ago. Feeding injury is beginning to appear. These caterpillars become voracious feeders as they grow and are capable of consuming large amounts of foliage daily. Monitor for their presence now. Treat the very young caterpillars with an insecticidal soap or a product that contains Spinosad, or use one of the registered chemical insecticides. Mugo pine is one of the more common hosts for this pest.
Azalea sawfly will be active soon. Itis still too early for this pest, but it will appear soon enough. Its coloration and posture on the plant (usually 'Exbury' and 'Mollis' azaleas = deciduous) are so cryptic that much damage can be created before it is noticed. Monitor for the appearance of feeding damage that leaves nothing but the main veins. Then inspect much more closely for the green caterpillars that hug the margins of the foliage and that are almost the same color as the foliage. Treat with a product that contains Spinosad.

Beetles:

Lily leaf beetle is active. Inspect for the bright red adult beetles, which are foraging and beginning to feed. Within a few weeks, start to inspect the undersides of foliage for short (about one inch long) irregular-shaped, tan-colored lines that are actually a row of eggs. Once found, they can be removed and destroyed. Just before these eggs hatch, they will turn orange and then a deep red color. Nymphs, which won’t appear for several more weeks, can be treated with a product that contains Spinosad.

Piercing-Sucking Insects and Mites:

Spruce spider mite is active. Damage in the form of fine, yellow stippling that contributes to an overall appearance of chlorosis has now become obvious from last fall’s feeding. Monitor for these two-toned (tan color) mites with a hand lens, and treat if numbers appear to be high. Oil sprays (at the summer rate) work well on all life stages, but take caution with tender new foliage that is now emerging from the buds. In such cases, it may be prudent to wait until it has fully expanded to apply oil. Some of the newer Mite Growth Regulator products with an ovicidal property can be quite effective on the egg and immature stages of many spider mite species (Tetranychidae) while not being harmful to predatory mite species. Adult spider mites are often not killed by exposure to these products, but exposed female mites may produce eggs that are not viable.
Hemlock eriophyid mite will be active very soon. These tiny, peg-shaped and pale yellow mites are just visible to the naked eye and can be seen feeding actively on the needle surface. Large populations will lead to much chlorosis and plant stress. Manage when found in large numbers.
Balsam twig aphid is active. The Stem Mothers have been feeding but have now produced many offspring that are capable of creating much feeding injury in the form of needle distortion and much sticky honeydew. True firs, such as Balsam and Frasier, are most susceptible. High numbers of this pest can render Christmas trees unfit for sale.
Snowball aphid is active. Its’ preferred hosts are certain viburnum species, such as Korean spicebush, cranberry viburnum, maple-leaf viburnum as well as others. When the aphids hatch they begin to feed with their piercing-sucking mouths on newly expanding foliage, which causes severe leaf curling and distortion. The aphids will continue to feed until about the end of May within the confines of the curled leaves. Their feeding does not kill the foliage nor does it create yellow-stippling injury that is so typical to other piercing-sucking insects. However, it can create so much leaf distortion that it de-values the aesthetics of affected plant material. Imidacloprid that is already systemic within the plant from last summer works very well. Treating with a contact insecticide offers little management given that these aphids are so well hidden within the curled foliage. In the Amherst area, new leaves have already been affected; and in most cases, it is too late for treatments.
Larch adelgid is active and can be seen as white cottony masses scattered throughout the needles of its host. When in large and very noticeable numbers, it should probably be managed.
Pine bark adelgid is active again and large populations can appear like wind-driven snow on trunks and the undersides of scaffold branches of white pine. Although very showy, it rarely requires treatment.
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is producing the crawler stage right now. This is a very dangerous time for this pest to be moved from plant to plant or to different locations (by wind, birds, humans or wildlife). They will settle and begin to feed and then not be mobile again until the next generation of crawlers in June. Oil sprays (summer rate) work very well, but care should be taken to avoid applying oils when tender new foliage is appearing. Systemically applied Imidacloprid is also effective, but translocation can take from weeks to months to get to where this pest is feeding.

Leaf Miners:

Inkberry leafminer mines have now become obvious. Despite the larvae being in the mines since early last summer, the browning of these mines has only just occurred within the past month or two. Make note of plants with noticeable infestations, and prepare to place yellow sticky cards out around early-mid May to monitor for the emergence of the adult flies, which will indicate the time to apply controls to break the cycle of re-infestation.
Native holly leafminer mines are very obvious right now on American Holly, but there is nothing to be done for management. Wait until June to place out yellow sticky cards to monitor for the next generation of adult flies, and treat at that time with a knockdown type spray such as a pyrethroid.
Birch leafminer - Yellow sticky cards should now be placed out in susceptible birches where leaf expansion has begun. Adult sawflies should appear around the time that the leaves are half-emerged from the buds. Treat when the adults appear.

Gall Formers:

Eastern spruce gall adelgid is actively feeding and about to stimulate new gall formation. In cooler areas where bud break has not yet begun, oil sprays at the summer rate can be very effective. Once galls are formed, managing this pest is extremely difficult. Norway and white spruce are two common hosts for this pest in MA.
Cooley spruce gall adelgid is also active on blue spruce. Its biology, damage, and management are very similar to that of Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid. However, bear in mind that oil sprays do remove the blue color from blue spruce needles for at least a few months.

Reported by Robert Childs, Entomologist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

DISEASES

The rainfall has given plants a good watering, but with leaves developing, they are vulnerable to leaf spot and shoot blight infections, especially when accompanied by temperatures of 50-70 degrees F. This is the time to apply protective fungicides to nursery and specimen woody landscape plants known to be susceptible to diseases such as, apple scab on flowering crabapple, dogwood anthracnose on flowering dogwood, fire blight on mountain ash, crabapple and Callery pear, Entomosporium leaf spot on English hawthorn, Phomopsis tip blight on juniper, and black spot on rose.

In addition, scout rosaceous plants commonly infected with the fire blight bacterium, such as crabapple, apple, pear, firethorn, hawthorn, and cotoneaster. Remove dead branches and dispose of them away from the plants to reduce sources inoculum. Lilacs with dead shoots from bacterial blight also benefit from their removal. Disinfect pruning tools between each cut with 70% ethyl alcohol, a 10% bleach solution, or a comparable bacterial disinfectant.

On plum and cherry trees that are infected with black knot canker look for swollen branches (~twice the normal diameter). Prune to remove infected branches, but also to improve the branch structure within the tree crown. Removal of inoculum before the fruiting structures erupt through the bark helps reduce inoculum that could cause new infections in the spring and is a key factor in managing this disease.

Rhabdocline needle cast fruiting structures will soon be visible on infected Douglasfir needles. Symptoms of Rhabdocline infection appear as elongated red-brown spots and bands on infected needles. Spots often coalesce and most of the needle turns color except for the base, which remains green. Infection tends to occur on the bottom of the tree first. Infected needles drop prematurely from now into the summer. Spores released from these fruiting bodies during cool, wet weather infect new needles that will soon start developing. Avoid overhead watering of Douglasfir at this time of the year. Provide adequate spacing and limit weed growth around young trees. Consider fungicide applications to susceptible, high-value trees if this spring is wet. Maintain protection during the vulnerable period when the needles are first emerging from buds until they expand to full size.

Sphaeropsis (Diplodia) shoot blight on pine can cause significant damage to stressed red, pitch, Japanese black and, especially, Austrian pine in our area. If wet weather continues, new shoots developing on these trees are vulnerable to infection. Consider applying fungicides to protect susceptible trees as soon as buds swell significantly. Reapply sprays at labeled intervals until the new growth fully expands, if wet conditions persist. The Sphaeropsis fungus produces significant amount of inoculum on the outer scales of second-year cones, as well as infected shoots and needles. Prune affected shoots when plants are dry to improve appearance, but this will make little difference in reducing inoculum for new infections without cone removal, too. If replacement of severely affected pines is an option, plant trees resistant to Sphaeropsis shoot blight as well as better adapted to grow on the site.

Gymnosporangium rust fruiting structures are visible on eastern red cedar (really a juniper) and Rocky mountain juniper, as well as the occasional Chinese, common, creeping and savin juniper hosts. Specifically, cedar-apple rust galls are visible on eastern red cedar (really a juniper) as eruptions of orange, gelatinous masses protruding from pea- to golf ball-sized galls. These fruiting structures release spores that infect apple and crab apple leaves at this time of the year during cool, rainy periods. Likewise, fruiting structures of hawthorn rust and quince rust are on many of these junipers, but the fruiting structures are less conspicuous. Hawthorn rust develops pea-size or smaller galls while the quince rust fruiting structures emerge as red-orange “cracks” in the bark of infected branches. Leaves, green shoots, and fruit of serviceberry, hawthorn, mountain ash, quince, floweringquince, and pear, as well as apple and crabapple are susceptible broadleaf alternate hosts.

Ramorum Blight, also known as Sudden Oak Death (SOD). Since the early 1990’s, oaks and tanoaks were dying in the coastal counties of California. Since then, other types of plants have been found to be infected or associated with this disease, referred to as Sudden Oak Death, ramorum leaf blight or ramorum dieback, or by regulation as Phytophthora ramorum. The first positive identification of the disease was in 1995 on tanoak in Mill Valley (Marin County), California. Since that time, surveys confirmed Phytophthora ramorum on various native hosts and nursery plants in several locations in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. When nursery surveys find infected plants prompt quarantine and/or eradication activities ensue. Research conducted by the Agriculture Research Service, US Forest Service, universities, and others is under way to better identify hosts, improve methods of detection, and develop effective treatments. USDA APHIS currently regulates 84 plants, two of which are at the genus level (Camellia and Rhododendron). There are no chemical treatments currently available to eliminate Phytophthora ramorum from infected plants.

Status of Phytophthora ramorum Monitoring Surveys . The 2006 National Nursery Survey is likely just getting underway. In past years the survey visited nurseries and collected samples from host plants exhibiting leaf spot, blight, and canker symptoms associated with Phytophthora ramorum infections.

Dan Gillman, Plant Pathologist, based in the UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab at UMass, Amherst.

WEEDS

Continue the treatment of winter annuals and perennials in ornamental beds with glyphosate or glufosinate. Non-herbicide material containing clove oil, citric acid or acetic acid can be used on small winter annuals but not large winters or perennials. Preemergence herbicides should be applied to weed-free ornamental beds now.

Randall Prostak, Weed Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery, & Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

TURFGRASS

Diseases: No report: Visit the Landscape Message Archive for previous messages.

Insects:

Grubs - what can you do? Many people have been asking whether there is anything that can be done to manage grub damage that is occurring this spring. There are a couple of "traditional" insecticides that may provide some relief at this point in parts of New England; but in many cases, little is gained by treating in the spring. White grubs that are feeding now are nearly full sized, so it takes a higher level of exposure to a chemical to be effective than it does in later summer or early autumn. In addition, some of the grubs (especially European chafers) will stop feeding within the next four or five weeks. Meanwhile as they begin to slow their feeding, their physiology is changing; so they are often less susceptible to insecticides.

Dave Shetlar, my colleague at Ohio State, indicates that spring applications of grub insecticides seldom provide more than 50% control. But for some turf managers, 50% may be good enough, so the temptation is there for some people.

So here are the main points to keep in mind:

Only treat areas where you have monitored and confirmed the presence of grubs (or their $*^&^#* predators, like skunks or raccoons).

If you are going to treat grubs in the spring, you must use a fast-acting, relatively soluble product. The most consistent performer would be trichlorfon (Dylox™ or "Bayer Advanced 24-Hour Grub Control™), which will act within two or three days. (Note that Dylox™ cannot be used on school properties that are under the mandates of the Children & Families Protection Act in Massachusetts and is not labeled on turf in Maine. There may also be others of you in the "viewing area" that cannot use Dylox™, as well.) Also note that Dylox™ is very sensitive to pH and will break down very quickly when the water pH is above 7.5.

Carbaryl (normally sold as Sevin™) is another relatively fast-acting product that some people have used to treat spring grubs. Our experience has been that Sevin is very inconsistent. In addition, it is very toxic to honey bees and other bees and wasps; so it should never be used when bees are foraging. And Sevin™™ is also on the list of products that cannot be used on school properties that are under the jurisdiction of the Children & Families Protection Act in Massachusetts.

Imidacloprid (commonly sold as Merit™ but also available under several other trade names now) applied in the spring is not effective on grubs that are present in the spring. And because many turf managers in New England are dealing with some of the harder-to-control species of grubs (like European chafers and oriental beetles), I do not recommend that Merit™™ be applied earlier than mid June. (The month of July is an even better target in most situations, especially on irrigated turf.)

We have not conducted any trials using entomopathogenic nematodes against grubs in the spring, and I have not seen any data to indicate whether those nematodes would be effective in spring conditions. Keep in mind that Steinernema carpocapsae, one of the more readily available species of nematodes, does not work on grubs. The one that would be most likely to work would be Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, but studies at Rutgers University (Albrecht Koppenhofer) suggest that the HB nematode is much more effective against Japanese beetles than other species of grubs. Since many of the turf managers in New England are dealing more with European chafers and oriental beetles now, it is unclear how effective the HB nematode will be in New England (white grub ID). The good news is that Dr. Koppenhofer has discovered a new species of nematode that looks extremely effective against all of our major grub species, and we are hopeful that the "new" nematode can be commercialized reasonably soon.

Again, we do not know whether nematodes can be effective in the spring. At the very least, applications should be delayed until soil temperatures warm up a bit (perhaps to 55 to 60 degrees or so???). Nematodes are living organisms and are not nearly as effective when applied in cooler conditions

If you decide to treat for the grubs you have in the spring, be sure to water in the application thoroughly. A minimum of 0.1 inch and 0.25 inches is even better. Use even more water if you decide to use nematodes.

Pat Vittum, Professor and Extension Entomologist, Department of Plant, Soil, & Insect Sciences, UMass, Amherst.

Weeds:

Forsythia is nearing the end of its bloom, so applications of preemergence herbicides should be near completion. Dandelion, violet, and ground ivy are in flower but should not be treated, yet; wait until they are done flowering.

Randall Prostak, Weed Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery, & Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

UPCOMING EVENTS
For a complete listing of upcoming events, see our Conferences and Workshops page.

Scouting for Pests and Problems of Turf and Woody Ornamentals, 5:00-7:00 p.m.
May 30, 2006 - Springfield, MA
June 1, 2006 - Wellesley, MA
June 15, 2006 - Bridgewater, MA
Learn how to put IPM practices to work efficiently. Join us in a walk through the landscape for demonstrations of IPM tools and techniques, as well as a close look at some of the most common cultural problems and troublesome insect, mite, and disease problems. Workshop held rain or shine. Two Pesticide contact hours for categories 29, 36, 37, and Applicators License available.ISA, MCA, MCH, and MCLP credit requested. See our Conferences & Workshops page for registration information.

July 19, 2006 - Nursey & Landscape Summer Meeting & Trade Show - The day will offer horticulture education workshops presented by well known researchers and educators, a trade show and hands-on insect, disease, and weed laboratory. At press time, plans were underway to feature an actual outdoor set-up of garden center displays showing examples of today’s most successful marketing and plant branding strategies. Plans to organize class reunions for Stockbridge School of Agriculture and UMass alumni the day before and have University Admission officials on hand to answer questions about student applications are also in discussion.

This special event will also showcase Dr. Michael A Dirr, respected author, lecturer and retired Professor of Ornamental Horticulture from the University of Georgia, Athens as keynote speaker. Dr. Dirr will give a presentation on Breeding, Evaluating, Introducing and Marketing New Woody Plants. Professor Dirr has had a long and varied career since he received his Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1972. Before moving to Georgia he held appointments at the University of Massachusetts, the University of Illinois, Urbana, and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.

You will want to mark your calendars now. For more information, go to http://www.mnla.com , http://www.umassgreeninfo.org, or contact UMass Extension’s Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program at (413) 545-0895, eweeks@umext.umass.edu. Time: 9 AM to 3:00 p.m. Location: UMass Amherst Student Union and Metawampe Park.

IMPORTANT INFORMATIONAL RESOURCES

2006 UMass Extension Green Directory: Now Available! The 2006 UMass Extension Green Directory is a comprehensive guide to educational resources for Massachusetts Agriculture industry professionals. This 25 page guide is used as a reference document all year long! To receive a copy, send mailing address: email greeninfo@umext.umass.edu; fax requests to 413-577-1620. The complete directory is also available online in PDF format. Visit http://www.umass.edu/agland and click 'The Green Directory' link in the right hand menu.

Two UMass Extension Web Sites are specially designed to provide Green Industry professionals with resources, upcoming educational programs and events, and other relevant information. The Internet address for the Landscape, Nursery, and Urban Forestry Program is http://www.umassgreeninfo.org. The Turf Program address is http://www.umassturf.org .

Don't forget to visit the UMass Extension Online Weed Herbarium!

The freshly revised 2006-2007 Professional Guide for IPM in Turf for Massachusetts features the latest techniques critical to environmentally sensitive, integrated management of lawns, athletic fields, and golf courses. The guide, intended for use by professionals, presents research-based material regarding turfgrass selection and water conservation, as well as current approaches for managing disease, insect, weed, and nematode problems. Municipal and school officials charged with establishing IPM programs in their communities and gardeners and homeowners serious about sensibly caring for their properties will find unique and critical information in the guide as well.

The 2006-2007 Professional Guide can be used effectively in a wide range of management schemes: from organic, to low-maintenance, to high-intensity care of high-use turf. Alternative and cultural pest control options are highlighted, and pesticide selection advice is based on least environmental impact. While certain portions of the guide are specific to Massachusetts, much of the information is applicable throughout New England. Initially developed in 1991, this revision for 2006-2007 marks the 8th edition of this popular publication.

To obtain a copy, order online from the Outreach Bookstore (http://umassoutreachbookstore.com); or call the UMass Outreach Bookstore. The phone number is (413) 545-2717. In either case, payment may be made by credit card. Alternatively, you may visit the UMass Outreach Bookstore during normal business hours; Monday through Thursday from 9AM-3PM, closed Friday. The bookstore is located in Draper Hall on the UMass campus.

UMass Extension’s Turf Management Guide and IPM Facts: For more information about the turf pests mentioned in this message, you will need to refer to the following publications: the freshly revised Professional Guide for IPM in Turf for Massachusetts, 2006-2007 edition and Turf IPM Facts . Call (413) 545-2717 to order these publications from the UMASS Outreach Bookstore

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

UMass Laboratory Diagnoses for Turf and Landscape Problems - Accurate diagnosis for a turf or landscape problem can often eliminate or reduce the need for pesticide use. The UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab is available to serve commercial landscape contractors, turf managers, arborists, nurseries and other green industry professionals. It provides woody plant and turf disease analysis, woody plant and turf insect identification, turfgrass identification, weed identification, and offers a report of pest management strategies that are research based, economically sound and environmentally appropriate for the situation. Send specimens and payment (payable to the University of Massachusetts) to UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, Holdsworth Natural Resources Center, 160 Holdsworth Way, UMass, Amherst, MA 01003. The fee for a woody plant disease analysis is $50; the fee for turf disease analysis or nematode assay is $75. All insect, weed and turfgrass identification samples are $25 each. For more detailed submission instructions see http://www.umass.edu/agland/diagnostics

NEXT UPDATE: The next issue will be available on Friday, May 12, 2006.

This message is produced by the UMASS Extension, Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program. The copy is prepared by Anna Greene from data and reports provided by the staff and faculty of the UMass Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program and the UMASS Extension Turf Program as well as cooperating horticulturists and Green Industry professionals. The text is adapted for access via the internet by Jason Lanier and made available to subscribers via electronic transmittal by Ellen Weeks.

DISCLAIMER. This message is intended for commercial use. UMass Extension assumes no liability for recommendations. It is the responsibility of the applicator to verify the registration status of any pesticide BEFORE applying it. Different states have different regulations as well. The use of trade names (*) does not imply endorsement. Similarly, there may be other products you prefer to use.

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UMass Extension Landscape Message #10 May 5, 2006

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

UMass Extension Landscape Message #10
May 5, 2006